NORML: 慢性疼痛
- Ingrid Wei
- Apr 11
- 6 min read
據估計,美國約五分之一的成人患有持續六個月以上並需要醫療干預的慢性疼痛。這些患者中近一半報告稱,即使使用常規的止痛藥物(如非甾體抗炎藥(NSAIDs)和鴉片類藥物),疼痛仍然持續。健康經濟學家估計,慢性疼痛在美國的年醫療費用和生產力損失高達6350億美元。[1]
大麻和大麻素——以及植物中特定的類黃酮(植物營養素)[2]——已被充分證明具有止痛特性。最近對臨床文獻的回顧識別了數十項對照研究,涉及數千名患者,證實了大麻素在疼痛管理中的安全性和有效性。[3] 美國國家科學、工程與醫學院2017年的一項回顧,基於超過10,000篇同行評審的科學文獻指出:“在患有慢性疼痛的成年人中,接受大麻或大麻素治療的患者更有可能經歷臨床顯著的疼痛症狀減輕。... 有確鑿或充分的證據表明,大麻對於治療成人慢性疼痛是有效的。”[4]
許多黃金標準(隨機、安慰劑對照)試驗記錄了吸入或蒸氣化草本大麻顯著緩解各種人群的疼痛,包括健康志願者在實驗室誘發的疼痛中。[5-6] 具體而言,幾項試驗報告指出,在HIV患者[7-8]、糖尿病患者[9]、脊髓損傷患者[10],以及重度治療抵抗性神經病理(神經疼痛)患者[11-13]等慢性病患者中,疼痛明顯減輕。這些積極結果也在使用相對低劑量大麻[14-15]以及使用植物來源的大麻提取物的臨床試驗中得到了重複驗證。[16-17]
縱向數據進一步顯示,大麻能為患者提供持續的長期止痛效果,且不會產生顯著的不良副作用,[18] 包括在老年人群體中的應用。[19-20]
吸煙大麻或口服大麻素的聯合使用已被證實能增強鴉片類藥物的止痛效果。在一項研究中,蒸氣化草本大麻被證明能增強嗎啡和羥考酮對慢性疼痛患者的止痛作用,從而可能“允許在較低劑量下使用鴉片藥物,並減少副作用。”[21] 另一項研究報告指出,當低劑量的口服THC與羥嗎啡酮(即達利多)聯用時,止痛效果亦得到加強。作者報告稱,“這些數據...顯示了大麻素可能具有的鴉片類藥物節省效應。”[22] 這些協同效應也已在只提供亞治療劑量的大麻和鴉片藥物的情境中得到了證實。[23]
許多針對各種患者群體的研究,包括慢性疼痛患者[24-25]、癌症患者[26]、纖維肌痛症患者[27]、多發性硬化症患者[28]等,均一致發現,在使用大麻後,受試者會逐漸減少或甚至停止使用處方止痛藥。[29-30] 現在已經有數十篇同行評審的論文記錄了這一趨勢。一些觀察性研究也報告指出,在實施大麻使用權後,與鴉片類藥物相關的死亡率有所下降。[31-33]
毫不意外的是,在各州特定的醫療大麻使用計劃中,超過65%的患者註冊使用大麻治療慢性疼痛。[34] 這是目前在美國持卡患者中最常見的符合條件的疾病。
大麻用於止痛,並作為鴉片類藥物及其他處方止痛藥的潛在替代品,正在迅速被臨床醫生接受。[35-36] 2020年,醫生聯盟發布了“關於大麻素安全引入和劑量調整的共識建議”,並提出與逐步減少鴉片類藥物使用相結合的指導原則。[37]
參考文獻
[1] Science-Daily, September 11, 2012, “Chronic pain costs U.S. up to $635 billion, study shows.”
[2] Medical Xpress, July 24, 2019, “Researchers unlock access to pain relief potential of cannabis.”
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[5] Wallace et al. 2007. Dose-dependent Effects of Smoked Cannabis on Capsaicin-Induced Pain and Hyperalgesia in Healthy Volunteers. Anesthesiology 107: 785-796.
[6] Cooper et al. 2013. Comparison of the analgesic effects of dronabinol and smoked marijuana in daily marijuana smokers. Neuropsychopharmacology 38: 1984-1992.
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[14] Wilsey et al. 2013. Low-dose vaporized cannabis significantly improves neuropathic pain. The Journal of Pain 14: 136-148.
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原文標題:《Chronic Pain》
原文作者:NORML
原始網站:https://norml.org
翻譯者:大麻101
翻譯日期:2025年4月
翻譯聲明:本文章由原文翻譯而來,原文發表於NORML。如需閱讀原文,請訪問 https://norml.org/marijuana/library/recent-medical-marijuana-research/chronic-pain/
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